The researchers estimate the effects of robot adoption on workers in the Netherlands using a large employer-employee panel dataset spanning 2009-2020. Their results show that directly-affected workers (e.g., blue-collar workers performing routine or replaceable tasks) face lower earnings and employment rates, while indirectly-affected workers gain from robot adoption. About half of these effects are due to worker heterogeneity: robot-adopting firms hire workers with greater earnings potential, even before they adopt robots, and do so particularly in occupations that are not directly impacted by robots. The authors also find that robot adoption reduces employment but increases wages in competing firms.